Resilience (developmental psychology) Show
Referred to individuals who experienced normal development in the face of remarkable childhood adversity Resilience vs recovery Recovery: event led to subthreshold or threshold symptoms from which the individual eventually recovered. Resilience: ability to maintain stable equilibrium. percentage of those exposed to traumatic event that don't experience ptsd 70% stress-resistant vs stress-resilient individuals that never exhibit PTSD symptoms are considered "stress-resistant". Those that show symptoms and recover quickly are "stress-resilient". key aspects of resilience speed of recovery and thoroughness and stability of recovery. resilience and pathology - Resilience (positive emotions) does not equal the absence of pathology (negative emotions). How common is resilience? (la riots, gulf war, 9/11) 1992 LA riots: fewer than three PTSD symptoms exhibited in >75% of those exposed (Hanson et al., 1995). A majority of Gulf War veterans (> 60%) reported no psychological distress within a year of returning from war (Sutker et al., 1995). September 11th terrorist attacks: over 40% of Manhattan residents reported no PTSD symptoms (Galea et al., 2002). trajectories of resilience and dysfunction following potential trauma The resilient trajectory was most common (65%) These trajectories varied by type of event (e.g., military, civilian accident, loss, etc.) police vs non traditional responders: trajectories of PTSD risk and resilience in 9/11 responders police nontraditional WTC responders factors contributing to PTSD vs resilience (trajectories of PTSD risk and resilience in 9/11 responders) Factors that contributed to PTSD trajectories: Factors that contributed to
resilient trajectory: How common is resilience? resilience is common. Evidence does not support the hypothesis that PTSD symptomology is just delayed; seems to be true resilience. Adaptive responses to stress or adversity can be promoted by ____________ potential protective factors. strengthening Longitudinal studies of resilience examine resilience factors over time. context of resilience Resilience in one context does not always mean resilience in another context. resilience and adversity Level of resilience is predicted in part by level of adversity. psychological resilience factors Positive
affect resilience factors Genetic (e.g., serotonin transporter gene) Factors associated with risk vs resilience intro slide 35 four waves of research on resilience Wave 1: Description Wave 2: How does resilience occur? Wave 3: Intervention Wave 4: Integration challenge model of resilience Low levels of risk help to inoculate youth so that later exposure to higher levels of risk is less deleterious. Too little risk may not prepare individuals for adversity. at risk vs well-adapted children Risk—known
threats to development: Doing ok—adapting well: infants and toddlers developmental tasks/milestones Motor milestones like sitting and walking Early childhood developmental tasks/milestones Following simple instructions childhood developmental tasks/milestones Going to school and behaving appropriately Adolescence and early adulthood developmental tasks/milestones Adjusting to changing body and feelings Masten's def of resilience The capacity of a system to adapt successfully to disturbances that threaten its stability, viability, or development. Scalable across levels, from the smallest lowest-scale system to global systems. Attachment system (Systems that promote resilience across the lifespan) - Attachment is a universal process in human development. Agency and mastery motivation system. (Systems that promote resilience across the lifespan) - Motivation to adapt to the environment. Successful adaption is pleasurable. Intelligence (Systems that promote resilience across the lifespan) - Problem solving skills, measured by traditional IQ tests, predict good adaption under adversity. self-regulation (Systems that promote resilience across the lifespan) - under the umbrella of "executive function" Meaning making (Systems that promote resilience across the lifespan) - Optimism, hope for the future. Cultural traditions and religion (Systems that promote resilience across the lifespan) - Often tied
to other systems that promote resilience. mean IQ of competent, resilient, and maladaptive 20 year oldes Competent: good adaptation, low adversity Resilient: good adaptation, high adversity Maladaptive: poor adaptation, high adversity. The Kauai Longitudinal study studied: - the long-term effects of adverse perinatal and early conditions on individual outcomes The Kauai Longitudinal study findings - Health status in the first 10 years of life correlated significantly with outcomes at 40 years of age. high-risk individuals in The Kauai Longitudinal study - About 1/3 of the group was considered "high-risk" because of exposure to chronic poverty, birth complications, parental psychopathology, and family discord. - Majority of "high-risk" individuals exhibited normal social and mental health outcomes in adulthood - Poor outcomes at age 40 were associated with exposure to parental alcoholism and/or mental illness. The Kauai Longitudinal study (Three main types of protective factors) - Core resources: sociability, average
intelligence, communication skills, attachment to parents What happens in individuals that experience early life stress? sensitization vs inoculation sensitization early unmanageable stress such as abuse or war may lead to "learned helplessness". Individuals show exaggerated responses to future stress, even in adulthood. inoculation early exposure to mild or moderate (and manageable) stress can have an "inoculating" effect and lead to reduced responses to future stress. stress inoculation in monkeys design Squirrel monkeys were
randomized to: monkeys exposed to intermittent stress - Were quicker to explore a novel environment. effect of stress inoculation on the relationship between stress and coping - lower levels of stress promote better performance Developmental factors that affect resilience in children Ability to control attention in the The Dunedin Longitudinal Study Self-Control was higher in children with higher IQ and SES The Dunedin Longitudinal Study findings Higher levels of self-control in childhood related to important bc Self-control may be more malleable than other factors "preschool program improves cognitive control" study design background and goal Background: Executive function skills are more predictive of success than content knowledge in children. Goal: Teach executive function skills the two curriculum in "preschool program improves cognitive control" 1.
Tools of the mind curriculum: 40 executive function promoting activities "preschool program improves cognitive control" study findings Tools of the mind group (gray) performed better than controls (orange) on executive function tasks. Tasks that were more demanding of executive function correlated more strongly with standard academic measures. Resilience across the lifespan: importance of early resilience Resilience tends to be continuous Resilience forms a firm base during childhood through individual, family, and environmental factors. Resilience is an ongoing process. Harvard Study of Adult Development design Beginning around 1940, prospectively followed two socially diverse cohorts of white, male adolescents. 456 adolescent males from inner city Boston: cohort of social disadvantage Other studies of aging began later, introducing selective mortality as a bias. By starting in adolescence, those that die in adulthood are still included in the study. 6 domains of outcomes assessed in Harvard Study of Adult Development objective physical health happy-well, sad-sick, and intermediate (Harvard Study of Adult Development) Happy-well = good in all 6 areas until age 80 Harvard Study of Adult Development results College men at 75-80 Core-City men at 65-70 - for each aditional year of education the likelihood of being sad-sick or dead at 65 was reduced by .85 Harvard Study of Adult Development additional findings (physical health, marital quality, and percieved loneliness) Physical health was as linked to social relationships as it was to cigarette smoking, obesity, and blood pressure. Marital quality at age 50 was a stronger predictor of longevity to age 80 than was cholesterol!! Perceived loneliness was associated with more rapid physical decline. Consistent factors observed across studies that promotes resilience: - Social support, especially parenting quality Systems that promote resilience (IMPORTANT) Attachment
system gary and kenneth takeaway How an individual perceives, responds to, and copes with external stressors can have a major impact on health. Personality and temperamental factors influence Perception of control and safety. Interpretation of ambiguous situations as good or bad Whether you seek out emotional support. Remember, that risk factors for PTSD included maladaptive coping and response styles, personality traits, and social support. The
following _____ resilience promote flexible coping (Psychosocial factors influencing resilience) modifying behavior to met demands of a given stressor. Active coping strategies (Psychosocial factors influencing resilience) - Planning and problem solving Many examples of active coping strategies, categorized as approach and problem-focused. pragmatic coping (Psychosocial factors influencing resilience) "whatever it takes" approach that is single-minded and goal-directed. repressive coping (Psychosocial factors influencing resilience) Although repression is typically viewed as being negative, it is marked by automatic avoidance of threatening or negative stimuli. self-enhancement (Psychosocial factors influencing resilience) a tendency to view the self in highly favorable and even unrealistic terms. Emotional regulation (Psychosocial factors influencing resilience) Fear is normal; can be used as a guide. adaptive self-control (Psychosocial factors influencing resilience) Includes capacity to modulate emotions and behaviors, control impulses, employ will-power and self-discipline. positive emotions (Psychosocial factors influencing resilience) - Daily positive emotions moderate stress reactivity and mediate stress recovery to daily stressors and bereavement (Ong et al., 2006). -
Broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 2001) - In part genetic, but can be learned through Cognitive Behavioral Therapy realistic optimism (Psychosocial factors influencing resilience) Like pessimists: pay close attention to relevant negative information. How to enhance realistic optimism cognitive reappraisal (Psychosocial factors influencing resilience) Ability to take negative experiences and reframe them in a positive
light cognitive flexibility (Psychosocial factors influencing resilience) Ability to shift the type of strategy used to deal with stressors based on the severity, duration, context, etc. salivary cortisol and social support in women with metastatic breast cancer Salivary cortisol was lower in women with high support. Interpersonal Support Evaluation List: Social support (Psychosocial factors influencing resilience) - Consistently shown to be a big predictor of positive outcomes following early life stress, trauma,
and chronic stress. thomas collins iii vietnam war served as an Air Force piolet who engaged in bombing missions and spent more than 7 years as a prisoner of war. "In the total sense of my life, it's probably been a good experience for me. I wouldn't erase the experience, because I got benefits out of it. I can't erase it...Frankly, it left permanently more good things in my life than it did bad things. Pain creates character." Personal moral compass - Develop a set of core
beliefs that you stick to. Religion and spirituality (Psychosocial factors influencing resilience) Associated with longevity and reduced depressive symptoms Research question: In an urban sample of African-Americans, all of whom were exposed to at least one traumatic event, what psychosocial factors were associated with resilience and recovery? slide 21 emotions and resilience Key findings: - In the final statistical model, purpose in life emerged as a key factor associated with both resilience and recovery. slide 24 emotions and resilience ... The Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM) a measure
developed with cross-cultural studies of resilience in mind. Cultural dimensions of resilience The construct of resilience, as defined already, largely exists in Western, English-speaking nations. It is clear that resilience exists across cultures, but the study of resilience is new. Determining what factors promote resilience across different cultures is a new area of research. Requires the validation and possibly development of new measurements for dimensions of resilience. Studies are relying on both qualitative and quantitative methods type of study used to determine factors associated with resilience longitudinal Psychosocial factors of resilience Active coping Promoting resilience involves Mobilizing powerful protective systems Interventions for PTSD that also promote resilience Prolonged exposure therapy: "facing one's fears" Cognitive processing therapy is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that is effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD. the two basic forms of well-being hedonic
and eudaimonic Hedonic experience of pleasure eudaimonic experience of meaning Hedonic well-being was associated with a genomic profile consistent with poorer health outcomes -Even though both types of well-being were associated with fewer depressive symptoms, hedonic well-being was related to a genomic profile consistent with poorer health long term. Eudaimonic well-being was associated with a genomic profile consistent with better health outcomes. training Active coping can be promoted by many types of therapy. training emotional regulation facing fears can increase self-esteem. Learn and practice skills necessary to move through fear. training positive emotions In part genetic, but can be learned through cognitive behavioral therapy training realistic optimism Insert positive thoughts & refute negative thoughts training Social support Find others to communicate with. training Personal moral compass focus outside of oneself Why is training so important? Has to do with how you appraise a situation: threat or challenge? threat vs challenge Threat: believe that the demands of the situation exceed our personal capabilities and external resources Challenge: believe that we have the skills, experience, and resources needed to successfully deal with the stressful situation (i.e. mastery). Interventions enhance resilience fall into several categories Children vs. adults goal of interventions enhance resilience to promote psychosocial factors associated with resilience Child and Family Traumatic Stress Intervention - Four sessions designed to increase caregiver support in trauma-exposed youth Randomized-controlled trial of Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC) intervention - Intervention focused on foster parents to improve attachment and emotional regulation in children Stress inoculation training - Based on observations that exposure to small, manageable stressors can "train" individuals to deal with larger stressors later in life Hardiness training - Has been used in military to enhance coping skills and facilitate cognitive reappraisal to prepare individuals for stressful events Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program Developed for the Army and incorporate aspects of positive psychology to promote positive emotion. Interventions to enhance happiness and positive emotion Perform acts of kindness Express gratitude and optimism enhance optimism Neurofeedback (Resilience training & brain activity) Real-time fMRI paired with operant training allows people to observe and change their own brain activity in real-time! Subjects given visual feedback while in the fMRI (Resilience training & brain activity) - Within three sessions (4 min each), participants were able to adjust the activity of the right anterior insular cortex amygdala electrical fingerprint (Amyg-EFP) Researchers paired EEG and fMRI to devise a model of amygdala activity, called the amygdala electrical fingerprint (Amyg-EFP). 180 military personnel undergoing military training were assigned to effects of amyg-efp neurofeedback Those in the neurofeedback group were able to use feedback to change their own amygdala reactivity. Neurofeedback also enhanced performance in emotion-related tasks. Physical activity can improve psychological well being and reduce stress reactivity => it likely promotes resilience. High impact running improves learning, increases blood levels of BDNF, dopamine, and norepinephrine (Winter et al., 2007) Regular exercise attenuates reduction of positive mood after Trier Social Stress test (Childs and de Wit, 2014) No studies to date looking prospectively at trauma-exposed individuals Meditation a form of mental training; goal is to improve attention and emotion regulation. Mindfulness meditation non-judgmental attention to experiences in the present
moment; result is enhanced self regulation. methodological considerations for studies on the efficacy of mindfulness meditation - Few studies have been replicated Brain regions involved in Attention control Anterior cingulate
cortex Brain regions involved in Emotion regulation (mindfulness meditation) Prefrontal areas Brain regions involved in Self-awareness (mindfulness meditation) Insula "no sustained attention differences in a longitudinal randomized trial comparing mindfulness based stress reduction versus active control" study - One of the first studies to compare mindfulness with an active control condition. - 8 weeks of mindfulness based stress reduction training (MSBR) vs. health enhancement program, a validated active control for mindfulness. - Subjects were randomly assigned to MSBR or control program in a double-blind fashion. Program continued for 8 weeks. - Sustained visual attention was assessed as the outcome measure—no effect of MSBR on sustained visual attention. A meta-analysis of meditation vs. active control conditions determined that meditation __________ physiological markers of stress, including blood pressure, cortisol, and heart rate reduced A meta-analysis of mindfulness meditation demonstrated_____________negative affect and emotion regulation improved Meta-analysis of studies looking at anatomical differences in those that practice meditation - Anatomical differences in prefrontal areas, areas involved in body awareness, and areas involved in emotion regulation Neuroanatomy of mindfulness meditation The effects of meditation on the brain differ between non-meditators assigned to short-term mindfulness training and in experienced meditators. Non-meditators (Neuroanatomy of mindfulness meditation) - Increases white matter that connects the anterior
cingulate cortex to other structures (top) experienced mediators (Neuroanatomy of mindfulness meditation) Altered default mode network activity in areas involved in self-monitoring and cognitive control (middle, bottom) the following are_________ psychosocial factors Cognitive aspects involved in resilience: Good problem solving There is a _____________ genetic component to cognitive function and brain activation than there is to behavior. stronger neurobiology of Optimism and positive emotions - In those who are optimistic in the face of stress, mesolimbic dopamine pathways may be more reward responsive and/or stress
resistant. neurobiology of facing fears and active coping - Might be facilitated by early exposure to stressors (stress inoculation). neurobiology of cognitive reappraisal, positive reframing, and acceptance Involved cognitive processes like memory suppression, memory consolidation, and top-down emotional control. neurobiology of social competence and social support - Brain reward circuits neurobiology of purpose in life, moral compass, meaning, and spirituality Might relate to activation of brain areas involved in morality. glucocorticoids and resilience possible mediators of resilience. Environment can alter expression of glucocorticoid receptors; GRs can influence transcription. Expression of FKBP5 was higher in those without PTSD after exposure to world trade center attacks higher the serotonin transporter promoter gene (5HTTLPR—long and short allele) and resilience Those that had one or two copies of the short allele scored lower on the resilience scale. Studies looking at changes in gene expression in different brain regions have shown that a _____________ group of genes is changed in mice that were susceptible to stress than in those that were resilient. different resilience is not simply the absence of maladaptive changes that occur in susceptible populations. Instead, resilience has______________ its own set of adaptive changes. Epigenetics Chemical changes to proteins that surround DNA that affect transcription of the gene. FKBP5 and methylation - The FKBP5 gene has a "risk allele" and a "protective allele" the stress response that promotes resilience low baseline levels, spikes during stress, and returns quickly to baseline Dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) - Released from the adrenal gland with
cortisol. Norepinephrine & noradrenergic neurons - Chronic activation of noradrenergic neurons is linked with anxiety disorders and cardiovascular problems. serotonin Linked with mood regulation; acute stress affects serotonin in several brain regions linked with emotion. dopamine - Linked with unexpected stimuli (e.g., reward). Neuropeptide Y - released in many of the same brain areas discussed as being important for
stress and trauma. Plasma NPY was significantly __________ in combat-exposed veterans that did not develop PTSD. higher There was ______ significant difference in NPY between non-combat exposed and PTSD+ groups. no plasma neuropeptide y concentrations in humans exposed to military survival training: finding During recovery: Plasma NPY may promote resilience Are there baseline differences in NPY? (plasma neuropeptide y concentrations in humans exposed to military survival training) No. The differences emerged under stressful conditions or during recovery from stress. There was a positive correlation between NPY and cortisol. Perhaps resilient individuals mount a significant cortisol response but are more able to turn it off. How does neuropeptide Y (NPY) promote resilience? - Studies using rats have determined that NPY increases
extinction of fear learning. Higher levels of NPY during a stressor ________ resilience. promote Can NPY be given as a treatment? Neuropeptide drug delivery is difficult—do not pass blood-brain barrier. Some animal studies have shown positive effects of intranasal NPY administration, which bypasses the blood-brain barrier; clinical trials using intranasal delivery are underway in humans. NPY does a lot of other stuff, so side effects are a challenge. Determining which receptors are important in promoting resilience may lead to specific drugs to target those receptors Social defeat stress as a model of susceptibility/resilience Social interaction with a novel animal after social defeat has been used to determine stress susceptibility/resilience. This effect of lower social interaction in susceptible mice was related to changes in ________________ glucocorticoid receptor expression in the hippocampus Early maternal separation—stress inoculation & Environmental enrichment increase the complexity of the prefrontal cortex, suggesting that activity of the prefrontal cortex is an important determinant in susceptibility/resilience to chronic stress. nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area in resilience: -
animal models In animal models, females are more susceptible to the effects of chronic stress on emotion-related behaviors sex differences: stress and performance - chronic stress improves performance on non-aversive cognitive tasks (e.g., mazes) in females according to Functional imaging of resilience Trauma-exposed without PTSD ("resilient") individuals exhibit -
Increased activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) during extinction training High vagally-mediated heart rate variability associated with resilience Low vagally-mediated heart rate variability associated with depression and anxiety—indicates dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system Heart rate variability an index of how well the cortex is controlling the brainstem and peripheral nervous system Resilience is associated with (biology): Altered
stress reactivity possible biomarkers of resilience NPY and Heart rate variability In depressed individuals, the prefrontal cortex shows _____ activity. less In the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, depression was related to _________ activation (zif268, Arc, and cFos). reduced Using social defeat, mice were separated into susceptible and resilient groups and the study found that - susceptible mice had reduced activation of the mPFC, just like the depressed humans. excitation of the mPFC and stressed animals - In non-stressed animals, excitation of the mPFC did nothing. What is something that a person who has low self awareness can do to build resilience?What is something that a person who has low self-awareness can do to build resilience? Answers: a. Ask others to give advice on what the person should do.
Which of the following statements best describes one of the two dimensions of resilience?Which of the following statements best describes one of the two dimensions of resilience? Dimension 2 involves the relative positivity of the life outcomes that stem from the use of coping strategies.
How does finding strength ethnic identity affect the academic performance of white American students quizlet?No links have been observed in strength of ethnic identity and academic performance in White American students.
What contrast exists between Eastern and Western cultural views on optimal living quizlet?Eastern cultures view optimal living as spiritual transcendence, while Western cultures view it as a hopeful pursuit for better life on Earth. Teachings from the Anishinaabe implicate that there are seven values, each represented by different ______.
|
