Artificial Neural Networks are computational models and inspire by the human brain. Many of the recent advancements have been made in the field of Artificial Intelligence, including Voice Recognition, Image Recognition, Robotics using Artificial Neural Networks. They are the biologically inspired simulations performed on the computer to
perform certain specific tasks like -
Clustering
Classification
Pattern Recognition
In general - It is a biologically inspired network of artificial neurons configured to perform specific tasks. These biological methods of computing are known as the next major advancement in the Computing Industry.
What is a Neural Network?
The term ‘Neural’ has origin from the human (animal) nervous system’s basic
functional unit ‘neuron’ or nerve cells present in the brain and other parts of the human (animal) body. A neural network is a group of algorithms that certify the underlying relationship in a set of data similar to the human brain. The neural network helps to change the input so that the network gives the best result without redesigning the output procedure. You can also learn more about ONNX in this insight.
What are
the advantages and Disadvantages of Neural Networks?
The advantages of of Neural Networks are listed below:
A neural network can perform tasks that a linear program can not.
When an element of the neural network fails, its parallel nature can continue without any problem.
A neural network learns and reprogramming is not necessary.
It can be implemented in any application.
It can be performed without any problem.
The disadvantages of
of Neural Networks are described below:
The neural network needs training to operate.
The architecture of a neural network is different from the architecture of microprocessors. Therefore, emulation is necessary.
Requires high processing time for large neural networks.
A combination of neurons whose performance vector signifies the creation of real instance parameters of a particular type of an object or it's part.Click to explore about
our, Capsule Networks Benefits
What are the parts of Neuron and their Functions?
The typical nerve cell of the human brain comprises of four parts:
Function of Dendrite
It receives signals from other neurons.
Soma (cell body)
It sums all the incoming signals to generate input.
Axon Structure
When
the sum reaches a threshold value, the neuron fires, and the signal travels down the axon to the other neurons.
Synapses Working
The point of interconnection of one neuron with other neurons. The amount of signal transmitted depends upon the strength (synaptic weights) of the connections.
The connections can be inhibitory (decreasing
strength) or excitatory (increasing strength) in nature. So, a neural network, in general, has a connected network of billions of neurons with a trillion of interconnections between them.
What is the difference between Brain and Computer?
What is the difference between Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) VS Biological Neural Networks
(BNN)?
Characteristics
Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
Biological(Real) Neural Network (BNN)
Speed
Faster in processing information. Response time is in nanoseconds.
Slower in processing information. The response time is in milliseconds.
Processing
Serial processing.
Massively parallel processing.
Size & Complexity
Less size & complexity. It does not perform complex pattern recognition tasks.
A highly complex and dense network of interconnected neurons containing neurons of the order of 1011 with 1015 of interconnections.<strong
Storage
Information storage is replaceable means replacing new data with an old one.
A highly complex and dense network of interconnected neurons containing neurons of the order of 1011 with 1015 of interconnections.
Fault tolerance
Fault intolerant. Corrupt information cannot retrieve in case of failure of the system.
Information storage is adaptable means new information is added by adjusting the interconnection strengths without destroying old information.
Control Mechanism
There is a control unit for controlling computing activities
No specific control mechanism external to the computing task
Artificial Neural Networks with Biological Neural Network
Neural Networks resemble the human brain in the following two ways -
A neural network acquires knowledge through learning.
A neural network's knowledge is a store within inter-neuron connection strengths known as synaptic weights.
Von Neumann Architecture Based Computing
Ann Based Computing
Serial processing - processing instruction and problem rule one at the time (sequential)
Parallel processing - several processors perform simultaneously (multitasking)
Function logically with a set of if & else rules - rule-based approach
Function by learning pattern from a given input (image, text or video, etc.)
Programmable by higher-level languages such as C, Java, C++, etc.
ANN is, in essence, the program itself.
Requires either big or error-prone parallel processors
Use of application-specific multi-chips.
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Vs Biological Neural Network (BNN)
The Biological Neural Network's dendrites are analogous to the weighted inputs based on their synaptic interconnection in the Artificial Neural Network.
The cell body is comparable to the artificial
neuron unit in the Artificial Neural Network, comprising summation and threshold unit.
Axon carries output that is analogous to the output unit in the case of an Artificial Neural Network. So, it is model using the working of basic biological neurons.
How does Artificial Neural Network works?
Artificial Neural Networks can
be viewed as weighted directed graphs in which artificial neurons are nodes, and directed edges with weights are connections between neuron outputs and neuron inputs.
The Artificial Neural Network receives information from the external world in pattern and image in vector form. These inputs are designated by the notation x(n) for n number of inputs.
Each input is multiplied by its corresponding weights. Weights are the information used by the neural network to solve a problem.
Typically weight represents the strength of the interconnection between neurons inside the Neural Network.
The weighted inputs are all summed up inside the computing unit (artificial neuron). In case the weighted sum is zero, bias is added to make the output not- zero or to scale up the system response. Bias has the weight and input always equal to ‘1'.
The sum corresponds to any numerical value ranging from 0 to infinity. To limit the response to arrive at the desired value, the
threshold value is set up. For this, the sum is forward through an activation function.
The activation function is set to the transfer function to get the desired output. There are linear as well as the nonlinear activation function.
What are the commonly used activation functions?
Some of the commonly used activation function is - binary, sigmoidal (linear) and tan hyperbolic sigmoidal functions(nonlinear).
Binary - The output has only two
values, either 0 and 1. For this, the threshold value is set up. If the net weighted input is greater than 1, the output is assumed as one otherwise zero.
Sigmoidal Hyperbolic - This function has an ‘S’ shaped curve. Here the tan hyperbolic function is used to approximate output from net input. The function is defined as - f (x) = (1/1+ exp(-????x)) where ???? - steepness parameter.
What are the types of Neural Networks in Artificial Intelligence?
Parameter
Types
Description
Based on the connection pattern
FeedForward, Recurrent
Feedforward - In which graphs have no loops. Recurrent - Loops occur because of feedback.
Based on the number of hidden layers
Single-layer, Multi-Layer
Single Layer - Having one secret layer. E.g., Single Perceptron Multilayer - Having multiple secret layers. Multilayer Perceptron
Based on the nature of weights
Fixed, Adaptive
Fixed - Weights are a fixed priority and not changed at all. Adaptive - Updates the weights and changes during training.
Based on the Memory unit
Static, Dynamic
Static - Memoryless unit. The current output depends on the current input. E.g., Feedforward network. Dynamic - Memory unit - The output depends upon the current input as well as the current output. E.g., Recurrent Neural Network
Neural Network Architecture Types
Perceptron Model in Neural Networks
Radial Basis Function Neural Network
Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network
Recurrent Neural Network
Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network (LSTM)
Hopfield Network
Boltzmann Machine Neural Network
Convolutional Neural
Network
Modular Neural Network
Physical Neural Network
Perceptron Model in Neural Networks
Neural Network is having two input units and one output unit with no hidden layers. These are also known as ‘single-layer perceptrons.'
Radial Basis
Function Neural Network
These networks are similar to the feed-forward Neural Network, except radial basis function is used as these neurons' activation function.
Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network
These networks use more than one hidden layer of neurons, unlike single-layer perceptron. These are also known as Deep Feedforward Neural Networks.
Recurrent Neural Network
Type of Neural Network in
which hidden layer neurons have self-connections. Recurrent Neural Networks possess memory. At any instance, the hidden layer neuron receives activation from the lower layer and its previous activation value.
Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network (LSTM)
The type of Neural Network in which memory cell is incorporated into hidden layer neurons is called LSTM network.
Hopfield Network
A fully interconnected network of
neurons in which each neuron is connected to every other neuron. The network is trained with input patterns by setting a value of neurons to the desired pattern. Then its weights are computed. The weights are not changed. Once trained for one or more patterns, the network will converge to the learned patterns. It is different from other Neural Networks.
Boltzmann Machine Neural Network
These networks are similar to the Hopfield network, except some neurons
are input, while others are hidden in nature. The weights are initialized randomly and learn through the backpropagation algorithm.
Convolutional Neural Network
Get a complete overview of Convolutional Neural Networks through our blog Log Analytics with Machine Learning and Deep Learning.
Modular Neural Network
It is the combined structure of different types of neural networks like multilayer perceptron, Hopfield
Network, Recurrent Neural Network, etc., which are incorporated as a single module into the network to perform independent subtask of whole complete Neural Networks.
Physical Neural Network
In this type of Artificial Neural Network, electrically adjustable resistance material is used to emulate synapse instead of software simulations performed in the neural network.
Artificial Intelligence collects and analyze data using smart sensors or
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Hardware Architecture for Neural Networks
Two types of methods are used for implementing hardware for Neural Networks.
Software simulation in conventional computer
A special hardware
solution for decreasing execution time.
When Neural Networks are used with fewer processing units and weights, software simulation is performed on the computer directly. E.g., voice recognition, etc. When Neural Network Algorithms developed to the point where useful things can be done with 1000's neurons and 10000's of synapses, high-performance Neural network hardware will become essential for practical operation. E.g., GPU (
Graphical processing unit) in the case of Deep Learning algorithms in object recognition, image classification, etc. The implementation's performance is measured by connection per the second number (cps), i.e., the number of the data chunk is transported through the neural network's edges. While the performance of the learning algorithm is measured in the
connection updates per second (cups)
Learning Techniques in Artificial Neural Networks
The neural network learns by adjusting its weights and bias (threshold) iteratively to yield the desired output. These are also called free parameters. For learning to take place, the Neural Network is trained first. The training is performed using a defined set of rules, also known as the learning algorithm.
Training Algorithms For Artificial Neural Networks
Gradient
Descent Algorithm
This is the simplest training algorithm used in the case of a supervised training model. In case the actual output is different from the target output, the difference or error is find out. The gradient descent algorithm changes the weights of the network in such a manner to minimize this mistake.
Back Propagation Algorithm
It is an extension of the gradient-based delta learning rule. Here, after finding an error (the difference
between desired and target), the error is propagated backward from the output layer to the input layer via the hidden layer. It is used in the case of Multi-layer Neural Network.
Learning Data Sets in Artificial Neural Networks
Training Data Set
A set of examples used for learning is to fit the parameters [i.e., weights] of the network. One approach comprises one full training cycle on the training set.
Validation Set
Approach
A set of examples used to tune the parameters [i.e., architecture] of the network. For example, to choose the number of hidden units in a Neural Network.
Making Test Set
A set of examples is used only to assess the performance [generalization] of a fully specified network or apply successfully to predict output whose input is known.
What are the Five Algorithms to Train a Neural Network?
Hebbian
Learning Rule
Self - Organizing Kohonen Rule
Hopfield Network Law
LMS algorithm (Least Mean Square)
Competitive Learning
What is the architecture of Artificial Neural Network?
A typical Neural Network contains a large number of artificial neurons called units arranged in a series of layers. In typical Artificial Neural Network comprises different layers -
Input layer - It contains those units (Artificial Neurons) which receive input from the outside world on which the network will learn, recognize about, or otherwise process.
Output layer - It contains units that respond to the information about how it learn any task.
Hidden
layer - These units are in between input and output layers. The hidden layer's job is to transform the input into something that the output unit can use somehow.
Connect Neural Networks, which means say each hidden neuron links completely to every neuron in its previous layer(input) and the next layer (output) layer.
What are the Learning Techniques in Neural Networks?
Here is a list of Learning Techniques
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised
Learning
Reinforcement Learning
Offline Learning
Online Learning
We Discuss each one of them in length
Supervised Learning
In this learning, the training data is input to the network, and the desired output is known weights are adjusted until production yields desired value.
Unsupervised Learning
Use the input data to train the network whose output is known. The network classifies the input data and adjusts the
weight by feature extraction in input data.
Reinforcement Learning
Here, the output value is unknown, but the network provides feedback on whether the output is right or wrong. It is Semi-Supervised Learning.
Offline Learning
The weight vector adjustment and threshold adjustment are made only after the training set is shown to the network. It is also called Batch Learning.
Online Learning
The adjustment of the weight and threshold is made after presenting each training sample to the network.
Learning and Development in Neural Networks
Learning occurs when the weights inside the network get updated after many iterations. For example - Suppose we have inputs in the form of patterns for two different classes of patterns - I & 0 as shown and b -bias and y as the desired output.
Pattern
y
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7
x8
x9
b
I
1
1
1
1
-1
1
-1
1
1
1
1
O
-1
1
1
1
1
-1
1
1
1
1
1
We want to classify input patterns into either pattern ‘I’ & ‘O.' Following are the steps performed:
Nine inputs from x1 - x9 and bias b (input having weight value 1) are fed to the network for the first pattern.
Initially, weights are initialized to zero.
Then weights are updated for each neuron using the formulae: Δ wi = xi y for i = 1 to 9 (Hebb’s Rule)
Finally, new weights are found using the formulae:
wi(new) =
wi(old) + Δwi
Wi(new) = [111-11-1 1111]
The second pattern is input to the network. This time, weights are not initialized to zero. The initial weights used here are the final weights obtained after presenting the first pattern. By doing so, the network.
The steps from 1 - 4 are repeated for second inputs.
The new weights are Wi(new) = [0 0 0 -2 -2 -2 000]
So, these weights correspond to the learning ability of the network to classify the input patterns
successfully.
What are the use-cases of Neural Network?
There are four broad use-cases of Neural Network
Classification Neural Network
Prediction Neural Network
Clustering Neural Network
Association Neural Network
Classification Neural Network
A Neural Network can be trained to classify a given pattern or dataset into a predefined class. It uses Feedforward Networks.
Prediction Neural Network
A Neural Network can
be trained to produce outputs that are expected from a given input. E.g., - Stock market prediction.
Clustering Neural Network
The Neural network can identify a unique feature of the data and classify them into different categories without any prior knowledge of the data. Following networks are used for clustering -
Competitive networks
Adaptive Resonance Theory Networks
Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps.
Association Neural
Network
Train the Neural Network to remember the particular pattern. When the noise pattern is presented to the network, the network associates it with the memory's closest one or discards it. E.g., Hopfield Networks, which performs recognition, classification, and clustering, etc.
Top applications of neural networks
Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition
Neural Network for Machine Learning
Face Recognition using Artificial Neural Networks
Neuro-Fuzzy Model and its applications
Neural Networks for data-intensive applications
Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition
Pattern recognition is the study of how machines can observe the environment, learn to distinguish patterns of interest from their background, and make sound and reasonable decisions about the patterns' categories. Some examples of the pattern are - fingerprint images, a
handwritten word, a human face, or a speech signal. Given an input pattern, its recognition involves the following task -
Supervised classification - Given the input pattern is known as the member of a predefined class.
Unsupervised classification - Assign pattern is to a hitherto unknown class.
So, the recognition problem here is essentially a classification or categorized task. The design of pattern recognition systems usually
involves the following three aspects-
Data acquisition and preprocessing
Data representation
Decision Making
Approaches For Pattern Recognition
Template Matching
Statistical
Syntactic Matching
Artificial Neural Networks
Following Neural Network architectures used for Pattern Recognition -
Multilayer Perceptron
Kohonen SOM (Self Organizing Map)
Radial Basis Function Network (RBF)
A division of unsupervised learning which makes it more handful because it can also handle unsupervised learning which is itself a big plus. Click to explore about our, Generative Adversarial Networks Applications
Neuro-Fuzzy Model and its applications
What is Fuzzy logic?
Fuzzy logic refers to the logic developed
to express the degree of truthiness by assigning values between 0 and 1, unlike traditional boolean logic representing 0 and 1.
What is Fuzzy logic role in Neural networks?
Fuzzy logic and Neural networks have one thing in common. They can be used to solve pattern recognition problems and others that do not involve any mathematical model.
What are the applications of Neuro-Fuzzy Model?
Systems combining both fuzzy logic and neural networks are neuro-fuzzy systems.
These systems (Hybrid) can combine the advantages of both neural networks and fuzzy logic to perform in a better way. Fuzzy logic and Neural Networks have been integrated to use in the following applications -
Automotive engineering
Applicant screening of jobs
Control of crane
Monitoring of glaucoma
In a hybrid (neuro-fuzzy) model, Neural Networks Learning Algorithms are fused with the fuzzy reasoning of fuzzy logic. The neural network
determines the values of parameters, while if-then rules are controlled by fuzzy logic.
Neural Network for Machine Learning
Multilayer Perceptron (supervised classification)
Back Propagation Network (supervised classification)
Hopfield Network (for pattern association)
Deep Neural Networks (unsupervised clustering)
Neural Networks for data-intensive applications
Neural networks have been successfully applied to the broad spectrum
of data-intensive applications, such as:
Application
Architecture / Algorithm
Activation Function
Process modeling and control
Radial Basis Network
Radial Basis
Machine Diagnostics
Multilayer Perceptron
Tan- Sigmoid Function
Portfolio Management
Classification Supervised Algorithm
Tan- Sigmoid Function
Target Recognition
Modular Neural Network
Tan- Sigmoid Function
Medical Diagnosis
Multilayer Perceptron
Tan- Sigmoid Function
Credit Rating
Logistic Discriminant Analysis with ANN, Support Vector Machine
Logistic function
Targeted Marketing
Back Propagation Algorithm
Logistic function
Voice recognition
Multilayer Perceptron, Deep Neural Networks( Convolutional Neural Networks)
Logistic function
Financial Forecasting
Backpropagation Algorithm
Logistic function
Intelligent searching
Deep Neural Network
Logistic function
Fraud detection
Gradient - Descent Algorithm and Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm.
Logistic function
Face Recognition using Artificial Neural Networks
Face recognition entails comparing an image with a database of saved faces to identify the person in that input picture. It is a mechanism that involves dividing images into two parts; one containing targets (faces) and one providing the background. The associated assignment of face detection has direct relevance to the fact that images need to analyze and faces identified earlier than they can be
recognized.
Face Recognition uses computer algorithms to find specific details about a person's face. Click to explore about our, Face Recognition with Deep Learning
What is learning rule in neural network?
The learning rule is a type of mathematical logic. It encourages a Neural Network to gain from the present conditions and upgrade its
efficiency and performance. The learning procedure of the brain modifies its neural structure. The expanding or diminishing quality of its synaptic associations rely upon their activity. Learning rules in the Neural network:
Hebbian learning rule: It determines how to customize the weights of nodes of a system.
Perceptron learning rule: Network starts its learning by assigning a random value to each load.
Delta learning
rule: Modification in a node's sympatric weight is equal to the multiplication of error and the input.
Correlation learning rule: It is similar to supervised learning.
How Can XenonStack Help You? [Video]
XenonStack can help you develop and deploy your model
solutions based on Neural Networks. Whatever kind of problem you face - Prediction, Classification, or Pattern Recognition - XenonStack has a solution for you.
Fraud Detection & Prevention Services
XenonStack Fraud Detection Services offers real-time fraud analysis to increase profitability. Data Mining is beneficial to detect fraud quickly and search for spot patterns and detect fraudulent transactions. Tools for Data Mining like Machine Learning, Neural Networks, Cluster
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Data Modeling Services
XenonStack offers Data Modelling using Neural Networks, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning. Data Modelling services help Enterprises to create a conceptual model based on the analysis of data objects. Deploy your Data Models on leading Cloud Service Providers like Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, AWS, or on the container environment - Kubernetes & Docker.
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more about Open Neural Network Exchange Advantages
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What is an artificial neural network What are some commonly used artificial neural networks?
An artificial neural network is an attempt to simulate the network of neurons that make up a human brain so that the computer will be able to learn things and make decisions in a humanlike manner. ANNs are created by programming regular computers to behave as though they are interconnected brain cells.
What is artificial neural network and its types?
Artificial neural networks are computational models that work similarly to the functioning of a human nervous system. There are several kinds of artificial neural networks. These types of networks are implemented based on the mathematical operations and a set of parameters required to determine the output.
What is an artificial neural network What are some of its applications?
ANNs are nonlinear statistical models that demonstrate a complex relationship between inputs and outputs in order to uncover a new pattern. Artificial neural networks are used for a range of applications, including image recognition, speech recognition, machine translation, and medical diagnosis.
What are AI neural network?
A neural network is a method in artificial intelligence that teaches computers to process data in a way that is inspired by the human brain. It is a type of machine learning process, called deep learning, that uses interconnected nodes or neurons in a layered structure that resembles the human brain.
