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Terms in this set (17)Why is psychology a science? It uses the scientific method, defined as "the science of mental life" what are the steps in using the scientific method? -make an observation (purpose)
-ask a question
(research)
-form a hypothesis (hypothesis)
-make a prediction (hypothesis)
-test the prediction (experiment)
-make a new hypothesis/predictions based on the results (analysis/conclusion) how are naturalistic and laboratory studies used to describe behavior? Naturalistic- observations involve watching animals or people in their natural environments but have the disadvantage of lack of control.
Laboratory- observations involve watching animals or people in an artificial but controlled situation, such as a laboratory. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with these settings? -Scientists use Naturalistic observation to observe what is done in a natural setting. The advantages to naturalistic observation are that scientist can observe them in their natural habitat, but could
also be a disadvantage due to them having known they are being watch, causing different actions in their natural environment. Also, the observer could be bias and only see what they would like to see.
-Scientists also use laboratory settings to describe behavior but are not at much of an advantage because the situation is not one of reality, therefor the behavior might differ strongly due to this How are case studies and surveys used to
describe behavior? What are their drawbacks? They are used to describe behavior by receiving private information from individuals by using questionnaires in their surveys, but a disadvantage is that the selection of people is very specific in relation to their study. Also, not every person surveyed will give an honest answer What is the value of conducting correlational research? Researchers
use it to measure and spot historical patterns between two variables. A correlational study may show a positive relationship between two variables, but this can change in the future. Dynamic: The patterns between two variables from correlational research are never constant and are always changing. What does it tell researchers about relationships? The correlation technique is a measure of the relationship
between two variables, and it tells researchers the direction of it's relationship and the strength How are operational definitions, independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and random assignment used in designing an experiment? - Experiments are tightly controlled manipulations of variables that allow researchers to determine cause and effect relationships.
- The independent
variable in an experiment is the variable that is deliberately manipulated by the experimenter to see if related changes occur in the behavior or responses of the participants and is given to the experimental group.
- The dependent variable in an experiment is the measured behavior or responses of the participants.
- The control group receives either a placebo treatment or nothing.
- Random assignment of participants to experimental groups helps to control for individual differences
both within and between the groups that might otherwise interfere with the experiments outcome. Why are the placebo and the experimenter effects problematic for an experiment, and how can single-blind and double-blind studies control for these effects? Experiments in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or control groups are single-blind studies, whereas exper- iments in which neither
the experimenters nor the subjects know this information are called double-blind studies. What ethical concerns may occur when conducting research with people and animals? What ethical and legal guidelines (provided by the APA and local and federal regulations)
protect research participants and promote sound ethical practice? • Ethical guidelines for doing research with human beings include the
protection
of rights and well-being of participants, informed consent, justification when deception is used, the right of participants to with- draw at any time, protection of participants from physical or psycho-
logical harm, confidentiality, and debriefing of participants at the end of the study. Researchers are also responsible for correcting any unde- sirable consequences that may result from the study.
• Animals in psychological research make useful models because they are easier to control
than humans, they have simpler behavior, and they can be used in ways that are not permissible with humans. case study: purpose, strengths, weaknesses purpose: used to show how psychology principles or theories are used in actual practice
strength(s):
-Provides detailed (rich qualitative) information.
-Provides insight for further research.
-Permitting investigation of otherwise impractical (or
unethical) situations.
weakness(es):
-Lacking scientific rigour and providing little basis for generalization of results to the wider population.
-Researchers' own subjective feeling may influence the case study (researcher bias).
-Difficult to replicate.
-Time-consuming and expensive.
-The volume of data, together with the time restrictions in place, impacted on the depth of analysis that was possible within the available resources. lab
experiment: purpose, strengths, weaknesses purpose: an experiment conducted under highly controlled conditions (not necessarily a laboratory), where accurate measurements are possible.
strength(s):
-It is easier to replicate (i.e. copy) a laboratory experiment. This is because a standardized procedure is used.
-They allow for precise control of extraneous and independent variables. This allows a cause and effect relationship to be
established.
weakness(es):
-The artificiality of the setting may produce unnatural behavior that does not reflect real life, i.e. low ecological validity. This means it would not be possible to generalize the findings to a real life setting.
-Demand characteristics or experimenter effects may bias the results and become confounding variables. field experiment: purpose, strengths, weaknesses purpose:
done in the everyday (i.e. real life) environment of the participants. The experimenter still manipulates the independent variable, but in a real-life setting (so cannot really control extraneous variables).
strength(s):
-behavior in a field experiment is more likely to reflect real life because of its natural setting, i.e. higher ecological validity than a lab experiment.
-There is less likelihood of demand characteristics affecting the results, as participants may not know they are
being studied. This occurs when the study is covert.
weakness(es):
-There is less control over extraneous variables that might bias the results. This makes it difficult for another researcher to replicate the study in exactly the same way. natural experiment: purpose, strengths, weaknesses purpose: conducted in the everyday (i.e. real life) environment of the participants, but here the experimenter has no
control over the independent variable as it occurs naturally in real life.
strength(s):
-behavior in a natural experiment is more likely to reflect real life because of its natural setting, i.e. very high ecological validity.
-There is less likelihood of demand characteristics affecting the results, as participants may not know they are being studied.
-Can be used in situations in which it would be ethically unacceptable to manipulate the independent variable, e.g. researching
stress.
weakness(es):
- They may be more expensive and time consuming than lab experiments.
-There is no control over extraneous variables that might bias the results. This makes it difficult for another researcher to replicate the study in exactly the same way. controlled observational study: purpose, strengths, weaknesses purpose: to identify and describe a variable or even a set of
variables
strength(s):
-Controlled observations can be easily replicated by other researchers by using the same observation schedule. This means it is easy to test for reliability.
-The data obtained from structured observations is easier and quicker to analyze as it is quantitative (i.e. numerical) - making this a less time-consuming method compared to naturalistic observations.
-Controlled observations are fairly quick to conduct which means that many observations can take place
within a short amount of time. This means a large sample can be obtained resulting in the findings being representative and having the ability to be generalized to a large population.
weakness(es):
-Controlled observations can lack validity due to the Hawthorne effect/demand characteristics. When participants know they are being watched they may act differently. naturalistic observational study: purpose, strengths, weaknesses
purpose: This technique involves observing involves studying the spontaneous behavior of participants in natural surroundings. The researcher simply records what they see in whatever way they can.
strength(s):
-By being able to observe the flow of behavior in its own setting studies have greater ecological validity.
-Like case studies, naturalistic observation is often used to generate new ideas. Because it gives the researcher the opportunity to study the total
situation it often suggests avenues of inquiry not thought of before.
weakness(es):
-These observations are often conducted on a micro (small) scale and may lack a representative sample (biased in relation to age, gender, social class or ethnicity). This may result in the findings lacking the ability to be generalized to wider society.
-Natural observations are less reliable as other variables cannot be controlled. This makes it difficult for another researcher to repeat the study in
exactly the same way.
-A further disadvantage is that the researcher needs to be trained to be able to recognize aspects of a situation that are psychologically significant and worth further attention.
-With observations, we do not have manipulations of variables (or control over extraneous variables) which means cause and effect relationships cannot be established. survey: purpose, strengths, weaknesses purpose:
consisting of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.
strength(s):
-They can be economical. This means they can provide large amounts of research data for relatively low costs. Therefore, a large sample size can be obtained which should be representative of the population, which a researcher can then generalize from.
-The respondent provides information which can be easily converted into quantitative data (e.g., count the number of 'yes' or 'no'
answers), allowing statistical analysis of the responses.
-The questions are standardized. All respondents are asked exactly the same questions in the same order. This means a questionnaire can be replicated easily to check for reliability. Therefore, a second researcher can use the questionnaire to check that the results are consistent.
weakness(es):
-They lack detail. Because the responses are fixed, there is less scope for respondents to supply answers which reflect their true
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What is the disadvantage of naturalistic observation?
The downsides of naturalistic observation include its lack of scientific control, ethical considerations, and potential for bias from observers and subjects.
What is a major problem with naturalistic observation quizlet?
Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of naturalistic observation? It does not identify the cause of observed behavior.
What is one disadvantage of participant observation vs naturalistic observation?
One theoretical disadvantage is the low degree of reliability. It would be almost impossible for another researcher to repeat given that a participant observation study relies on the personal skills and characteristics of the lone researcher.
What is a naturalistic observation quizlet?
naturalistic observation. Naturalistic observation refers to the collection of data without manipulation of the environment. The goal of naturalistic observation in psychology is to study the behavior of an organism (including a human) in natural settings.
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