Which of the following statements is true about instrumental conditioning? a. It is sometimes referred to as Pavlovian conditioning. b. It is active, whereas classical conditioning is passive. c. It is passive, whereas classical conditioning is active. d. The events that define it do not begin with a behavior. - Pavlov is famous for his work in:
a. contingent conditioning
b. operant conditioning
c. classical conditioning
d. oppositional conditioning - The study of learning is most closely associated with which school of psychology?
a. psychoanalytic
b. humanist
c. social
d. behaviourist - If we reinforce the desired response every time it occurs we are using:
a. continuous reinforcement
b. incremental reinforcement
c. intermittent reinforcement
d. contingent reinforcement - Observational learning is also known as:
a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
c. modelling
d. manipulation - Taking away a child’s toys after she has hit her brother (to stop her hitting him again!)
is an example of:
a. positive punishment
b. negative punishment
c. vindictive conditioning
d. observational learning - According to the behaviourist school, ________ plays no role in learning.
a. experience
b. nurture
c. nature
d. punishment - Thorndike developed the:
a. law of effort
b. law of energy
c. law of effusion
d. law of effect - Giving a student extra homework after they misbehave in class is an example of:
a. positive punishment
b. negative punishment
c. positive reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement - ________ schedules of reinforcement are based on number of responses while ________ schedules of reinforcement are based on elapsed time.
a. fixed, variable
b. variable, fixed
c. interval, ratio
d. ratio, interval - To train her puppy to roll over, Kim began by rewarding it for simply lying down. Later, she only rewarded the puppy if it lay down AND turned to one side. Later still, the puppy only got a reward if it lay down, turned, then rolled over. Kim was using:
a. classical conditioning
b. modelling
c. a fixed interval schedule
d. shaping - In classical conditioning, US stands for:
a. unintentional stimulus
b. unconditioned stimulus
c. unconnected stimulus
d. none of the above - In classical conditioning, UR and CR are:
a. opposite behaviours
b. the same behaviour
c. the result of extinction
d. the same stimulus - Which of the following phrases best sums up the law of effect:
a. think before you act
b. if you can’t beat them, join them
c. if it works, repeat it
d. measure twice, cut once - Positive reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behaviour, and negative reinforcement
________ the likelihood of a behaviour.
a. increases, increases
b. decreases, decreases
c. increases, decreases
d. decreases, increases - Gerhardt got sick after eating a peach. Now he feels sick when he looks at peaches,
nectarines or plums. This illustrates:
a. spontaneous recovery
b. intermittent reinforcement
c. modelling
d. generalization - A bakery gives customers a free pastry after every 6 pastry purchases. This is an
example of what kind of reinforcement schedule?
a. fixed interval
b. fixed ratio
c. variable interval
d. variable ratio - A researcher trains a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell. Then he turns the lights on
just before he sounds the bell. If he continues to do this until the dog starts to salivate as
soon as the lights go on, he has demonstrated:
a. latent learning
b. insight
c. second-order conditioning
d. extinction - An intermittent schedule of reinforcement that reinforces behaviour after an average,
but unpredictable, amount of time has passed is called a ________ ________ schedule.
a. fixed ratio
b. variable ratio
c. fixed interval
d. variable interval - Food is to ________ reinforcer as money is to ________ reinforcer.
a. positive, negative
b. negative, positive
c. primary, secondary
d. secondary, primary - Positive punishment ________ behaviour, and negative punishment ________
behaviour.
a. strengthens, strengthens
b. weakens, weakens
c. strengthens, weakens
d. weakens, strengthens - In the prisoner’s dilemma game:
a. a positive outcome for one player does not necessarily mean a negative outcome
for the other player
b. a positive outcome for one player necessarily means a negative outcome
for the other player
c. the players can discuss their strategy with each other before making their choices
d. each player has access to a lawyer - In the prisoner’s dilemma game, the cooperative decision is:
a. confess
b. don’t confess
c. blame the other person
d. none of the above - To encourage children to enjoy arithmetic, you should:
a. punish them when they make a mistake
b. reward them every time they get an answer right
c. sometimes surprise them with a reward when they get an answer right
d. ignore them - To be classed as a phobia, a fear must be both:
a. rational and life-threatening
b. unexplained and unconscious
c. short-lived and dangerous
d. strong and irrational - After being bitten by a big Alsatian dog, Hugo was scared of other big dogs but he was
not scared of little dogs like Chihuahuas. This pattern demonstrates:
a. shaping
b. negative punishment
c. discrimination
d. latent learning - You are online one evening when an advert appears showing your favourite movie star
wearing a new brand of sunglasses. The advertiser hopes that your positive feelings
toward the movie star will make you want the sunglasses. In this situation, the
sunglasses would be the:
a. US
b. UR
c. CS
d. CR - People who have a lot of dental problems often come to dislike even the smell of their
dentist’s office. The smell represents a(n):
a. US
b. UR
c. CS
d. CR - Taking away a person’s car after they have been caught speeding would be
an example of:
a. positive punishment
b. negative punishment
c. positive reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement - Research indicates that exposure to violent TV/video games:
a. has no impact of aggression
b. increases aggression
c. reduces aggression
d. promotes random acts of kindness - Animals are most likely to learn associations that promote:
a. survival
b. happiness
c. extinction
d. discrimination
- c
- d
- a
- c
- b
- c
- d
- a
- d
- d
- b
- b
- c
- a
- d
- b
- c
- d
- c
- b
- a
- b
- c
- d
- c
- c
- c
- b
- b
- a
What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that classical conditioning associates involuntary behavior with a stimulus while operant conditioning associates voluntary action with a consequence. Classical and operant conditioning are two central concepts in behavioral psychology.
Which of the following illustrates classical conditioning?
Answer and Explanation: The example of classical conditioning is C. feeling a craving for a drug at a particular location.
Under which condition is classical conditioning strongest quizlet?
-Timing-The strongest conditioned responses occur when the conditioned stimulus is presented first and remains present throughout the administration of the unconditioned stimulus.
What happens once classical conditioning occurs?
Classical conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behaviour. After the association is learned, the previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behaviour.
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