Operant conditioning, also known as instrumental conditioning, is a method of learning normally attributed to B.F. Skinner, where the consequences of a response determine the probability of it being repeated. Through operant conditioning behavior which is reinforced (rewarded) will likely be repeated, and behavior which is punished will occur less frequently. Show
By the 1920s, John B. Watson had left academic psychology, and other behaviorists were becoming influential, proposing new forms of learning other than classical conditioning. Perhaps the most important of these was Burrhus Frederic Skinner. Although, for obvious reasons, he is more commonly known as B.F. Skinner. Skinner's views were slightly less extreme than those of Watson (1913). Skinner believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. The work of Skinner was rooted in a view that classical conditioning was far too simplistic to be a complete explanation of complex human behavior. He believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning. BF Skinner: Operant ConditioningSkinner is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning, but his work was based on Thorndike’s (1898) law of effect. According to this principle, behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated. Skinner introduced a new term into the Law of Effect - Reinforcement. behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e., strengthened); behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e., weakened). Skinner (1948) studied operant conditioning by conducting experiments using animals which he placed in a 'Skinner Box' which was similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box. Choose the best answer to fill in the blanks. Johnny feels very confident about his ability to do math, whereas Jing does not feel confident, which contributes to their ability to perform well on a math test. This example highlights a main tenant of _____________ theory, which places a primary importance on ______________ beliefs. a. Cognitive, self-efficacyb. Social-Cognitive, self-efficacyc. Behavior, performanced. Cognitive, confidence. Instruction is defined as the combination of teaching and learning, where teaching and learning are mutually inclusive. Student performance is the focal point of instructional design and teaching is regarded as a means to facilitate and improve student performance. Design Design refers to a plan or set of artifacts produced to illustrate thought and provide guidance for constructing new knowledge. Learning design applies concepts, theories, and practices about the construction of knowledge to day-to-day realities. Instructional design Instructional design is commonly manifested as a coherent collection of cognitive tools that extend the capability of the teacher as well as extend the intellectual and skill capacity of the student that is based on some identifiable organizing theme. Behaviorism and Instructional Design Behaviourism is concerned with observable and measurable behavior. For Behavioural psychologists, learning is the modification of behavior brought about by experience. Behavioral psychologists observed the way animals learned and believed that this provided insight into how humans learn. The main psychologists who developed the behaviorist approaches to learning were Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), Edward Thorndike (1874-1949), J B.Watson (1913, 1916, 1930) and B. F. Skinner (1904-1990). These behavioral psychologists focused on conducting controlled laboratory experiments and objectively recording observations.
Application of Instructional design in Behaviourism The indication of a behaviorist perspective on learning for the way in which how instruction is designed. To use the principles of operant conditioning a distance teacher/open and distance learning specialist has to plan instruction in precise steps, which are as follow:
Skinner and Operant Conditioning Skinner (1904-1990) is the psychologist who has done the most to develop and apply the ideas originally proposed by Thorndike. Skinner continued and expanded Thorndike’s work and is credited with developing the theory we now call Operant Conditioning.
Reinforcement PunishmentOperant condition and Instructional Design
It is a Step by step presentation of learning material, student response, and immediacy of feedback. The special features of programmed learning are as follows:
Programmers aim to get the student to perform in a very specific way based on operant conditioning, Skinner’s teaching machine was developed requiring the learner to complete or answer a question and then receive feedback on the correctness of the response. Programmed instruction is no longer based exclusively on operant conditioning, mainly because work with different programs has shown that instructional design principles are more important than the principles of reinforcement. Implications for instructional design are:
Hence, we conclude that the instructional design activities like step by step presentation of learning material, student response, and immediacy of feedback is totally based upon Skinner's theory of reinforcement that is Programmed instruction. What are the 4 personality theories quizlet?In short, a personality theory ambitiously tries to explain the whole person. The 4 Basic Perspectives: the psychoanalytic, humanistic, social cognitive, and trait perspectives.
Which of the following is not one of the traits from the five factor theory?The correct answer is b.
Intelligence is not a trait in the five-factor model, but neuroticism, extroversion, and agreeableness are traits includes. It also includes openness and conscientiousness.
Which of the following corresponds to the five factor theory of personality?The traits that constitute the five-factor model are extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
Which of the following is not one of the big five factors of personality multiple choice question?Answer and Explanation: The correct answer is (d): melancholia. Melancholia is characterized by a depressive mood, however, it is not one of the dimensions of the big five factor model of personality. The five dimensions are agreeableness, openness to experience, neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness.
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