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memory
| explicit memory | memory that clearly and distinctly expresses (explicates) specific information |
| episodic memory | memories of events experienced by a person or that take place in the person's presence |
| semantic memory | general knowledge, as opposed to episodic memory |
| implicit memory | memory that suggested (implied)but not plainly expressed ,as illustrated in the things that people do but not state clearly |
| priming | the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory |
| retrospective memory | memory for past events,activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit(episodic and semantic) and implicit memories |
| prospective memory | memory to preform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs |
| encoding | modifying information so that it can be placed in memory; the first stage of information processing |
| storage | the maintenance of information over time; the second stage of information processing |
| maintenance rehearsal | mental repetition of information to keep in memory |
| elaborative rehearsal | the kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known |
| retrieval | the location of stored information and it's return to consciousness;the third stage of information processing |
| memory | the processes by which information is encoded,stored,and retrieved |
| sensory memory | the type of stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus;sensory memory holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous |
| memory trace | an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus |
| icon | a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory |
| iconic memory | the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of visual stimuli |
| eidetic imagery | the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes |
| echo | a mental representation of an auditory stimulus (sound) that is held briefly in sensory memory |
| echoic memory | the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli |
| short-term memory | the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays |
| working memory | another term for short-term memory |
| serial- position effect | the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series |
| chunk | a stimulus or group of stimuli hat are perceived as a discreet piece of information |
| displace | in memory theory,to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information |
| echoic memory | the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli |
| short-term memory | the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays |
| working memory | another term for short-term memory |
| serial- position effect | the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series |
| chunk | a stimulus or group of stimuli hat are perceived as a discreet piece of information |
| displace | in memory theory,to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information |
| Long-term memory | the type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage |
| repression | in Freud's psycho-dynamic theory,the ejection of anxiety- evoking ideas from conscious awareness |
| schema | a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation,that can influence perception of persons,objects, and situations |
| tip of the tongue(tot) phenomenon | the feeling that information is stored in memory although it can-not be readily retrieved |
| context -dependent memory | information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored,or learned |
| state - dependent memory | information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored,or learned |
| nonsense syllables | meaningless sets of two consonants with a vowel sandwiched in between which are used to study memory |
| paired associates | nonsense syllables presented in pairs used to test recall |
| method of savings | a measure of retention in which the number of repetitions initially required to learn a list and the amount of time required to relearn a list after a given amount of time is calculated. |
| savings | the difference between the number of repetitions of need learn a list and the number required to relearn the list after a given amount of time. |
| interference theory | The view that we may forget saved material because other material may interfere with it. (limited space, some is lost) |
| retroactive theory | the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously (short term memory blocks long term memory) |
| proactive theory | Interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve new material (long-term memory blocks short term memory) |
| dissociative amnesia | Loss of memory of personal information thought to come from psychological conflict or trauma |
| infantile amnesia | Inability to recall events before the age of 3 (also called childhood amnesia) |
| hippocampus | A structure of the limbic system critical to the formation of new memories |
| anterograde amnesia | failure to remember events that occurred after a physical trauma because of a physical trauma (forget the rescue after a car accident) |
| retrograde amnesia | failure to remember events that occurred before a physical trauma because of a physical trauma (forget where you were going before a car accident) |
| engram | an assumed electrical circuit in the brain that corresponds to a memory trace or an assumed chemical change that accompanies learning. From the Greek: en=in and gram=recording |
| long term potentiation (LTP) | enhanced efficiency and synaptic transmission that follows brief rapid stimulation |
| misinformation effect | the shaping or bogus or slanted memories by presenting misinformation (as in using leading questions) |
When you have better recall for items at the beginning or end of a list it is called?
This is known as serial position effect. The improved recall of words at the beginning of the list is called the primacy effect; that at the end of the list, the recency effect. This recency effect exists even when the list is lengthened to 40 words.
Is the tendency to have better recall for items?
In simplest terms, the primacy effect refers to the tendency to recall information presented at the start of a list better than information at the middle or end. This is a cognitive bias that is believed to relate to the tendency to rehearse and relate memory storage systems.
Why are items at the beginning and end of the list are remembered better?
Items at the beginning of a series are stored in our long-term memory more easily because it takes less processing power for our brains to remember single items. As a series continues, our brains have to process groups of items, making the subsequent items harder to remember.
Which factors affect recall of items in a list?
In the absence of interference, there are two factors at play when recalling a list of items: the recency and the primacy effects. The recency effect occurs when the short-term memory is used to remember the most recent items, and the primacy effect occurs when the long-term memory has encoded the earlier items.