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| Analog image | radiographic image produced by conventional film. |
| Bit-Depth image | number of possible gray-scale combinations for each pixel (eg. 8 bit-depth image has gray scale combination of 2^8, which equals 256 shades of gray) |
| Charge-coupled device (CCD) | soid-state detector used in many devices (eg. fax machine, home video camera); in digital radiography, CCD is an image receptor found in the intraoral sensor. |
| Digital Radiography | filmless imaging system; a method of capturing a radiographic image using a sensor, breaking it into electronic pieces, and presenting and storing the image using a computer. |
| Digital Image | An image composed of pixels. |
| Digital Subtraction | One feature of digital radiography; a method of reversing the gray scale as an image is viewed; radiolucent images (normally black) appear white and radioaque (normally white) appear black. |
| Digitize | in digital radiography, to convert an image in to a digital form that inturn can be processed by a computer. |
| Direct digital imaging | method of obtaining a digital image in which an intraoral sensor is exposed to x-rays to capture a radiographic image that can be viewed on a computer monitor. |
| Indirect digital imaging | Method of obtaining a digital image in which an existing radiograph is scanned and converted into a digital form using a CCD camera. |
| Line pairs/millimeter (1p/ml) | measurement used to evaluate the ability of the computer to capture the resolution (or detail) of a radiographic image. |
| Pixel | A descrete unit of information. In digital electronic images, digital information is contained in, and presented as, discrete units of information; also termed picutre element. |
| Sensor | In digital radiography, a small detector that is placed intraorally to capture a radiographic image. |
| Storage phosphor imaging | Method of obtaining a digital image in which the image is recorded on a phosphor-coated plates and the placed into an electronic processor, where a laser scans that plate an produces an image on a computer screen |
| Purpose of digital radiography | generate images that can be used in the diagnosis and assessment of dental caries. |
| Uses of digital radiography | detect lesions, diseases, and conditions of the teeth and surrounding structures. To confirm or classify suspected disease. To provide info. during dental procedures (eg. root canal and implants). To evaluate growth and development. To illustrate changes |
| Digital Radiography refers to... | a method of capturing a radiographic image using a sensor, breaking it into electronic pieces, and presenting and storing the image using a computer. |
| Exposure times for digital radiography is what percent less than those required for conventional radiography? | 50%-80% |
| The typical exposure time for digital radiography | 3 impulses (0.05 seconds) |
| The exposure time for conventional film based radiography is... | 12 impulses (0.2 seconds) |
| Essential components of digital radiography are.... | x-radiation source, intraoral sensor, and computer. |
| 3 types of direct sensor technologies | (1) Charge-coupled device (2) complementary metal oxide semiconductor/active pixel sensor (3) charge injecton device |
| Computer is responsible for..... | converting the electronic signal from the sensor into a shade of gray that is viewed on the computer monitor. |
| Pixel's gray scale resolution | the range of numbers for a pixel varies from 0 to 255, which creates 256 shades of gray |
| The human eye can only appreciate how many shades of gray? | 32 |
| 2 method of obtaining digital imaging are? | direct digital imaging, indirect digital imaging |
| What technique is preferred for digital radiography? | paralleling technique |
| Advantages of digital radiography... | superior gray-scale resolution, reduced exposure to x-radiation, increased speed of image viewing, lower equipment and film cost, increased efficiency, enhancement of diagnostic image, effective patient education tool |
| Disadvantages of digital radiography..... | Initial setuo cost, image quality, sensor size, infenction control, legal issues. |
| True or false? In digital radiography, the term used to describe the picture that is produced is radiograph? | False ( the term is image) |
| True or False? Digital radiography requires more x-radiation than conventional radiography? | false (the sensor is more sensative to x-radiation than traditional film, resulting in less exposed radiation) |
| True or False? The x-radiation source used in more digital radiography systems is a conventional dental x-ray unit. | True |
| True or False? Compared with film emulsion, the pixels used in digital radiography are structured in an orderly arrangement? | True |
| True or False? All intraoral sensors can be heat sterilized after use? | False |
| True or False? The preferred exposure method of intraoral digital radiography is the paralleling technique? | True |
| True or False? One advantage of a digital radiography system is the superior-gray scale resolution that results? | True |
| True or False? Digital subtraction is an advantage in digital radiography because distracting backround info can be eliminated from the image? | True |
| True or False? The manipulation of the original digital images can be considered a legal issue? | True |
| Digital Radiography was introduced to dentistry in? | 1987 |
| Digital radiography can be used for? | detecting conditions of the teeth and surrounding strucutres, evaluating growth and devlopment of the jaws, confirmation of suspected disease. |
| Digital radiography requires less radiation than conventional radiography because? | the sensor is more sensative to x-radiation |
| The method of obtaining a digital image similar to scanning a photo in to a computer screen is termed? | indirect digital imaging |
| The image receptor found in the intraoral sensor is termed? | CCD |
| Digital radiography systems can be used for what? | bite-wing images, panoramic images, cephalometric images. |
| Radiographic interpretation | an explanation of what is viewed on a dental radiograph |
| Interpret | to offer an explanation |
| Diagnosis | identification of a disease by examination or analyis. |
| The final interpretation and diagnosis are the responsibilities of the? | Dentist |
| The dental hygienist and dental assistant are restricted by law from what? | rendering a diagnosis |
| Descriptive terminology | appearance, location, and size |
| Why use descriptive terminology? | allows dental professional to describe discuss what is seen on a dental radiograph intelligently and to communicate using a common language. |
| Unilocular radiolucent lesions | lesion that exhibits one compartment. small and nonexpansile. borders that may appear corticated (Thin radiopaque well defined border around lesion) or noncorticated (no radiopaque border) |
| unilocular lesion, corticated borders | exhibits a thin well demarcated radiopaque rim of bone at the periphery. Indicative of a benign, slow-growing process. |
| unilocular lesion, noncorticated borders | does not exhibit a thin radiopaque rim of bone at the periphery. Lesion appears fuzzy or poorly defined. |
| Multilocular radiolucent lesions | lesion that exhibits multiple radiolucent compartment. Are typically benign lesions with aggressive growth potential. |
| Periapical location | lesion located around the apex of a tooth. Example: periapical cyst secondary to pulpal necrosis |
| inter-radicular location | lesion located between the roots of adjacent teeth. Example: lateral periodontal cyst |
| edentulus location | lesion located in an area without teeth. |
| Pericoronal location | radiolucent lesion located around the crown of an impacted tooth. Example: dentigerous cyst |
| alveolar bone loss | loss of bone in the maxilla and mandible that surrounds and supports the teeth. Example: seen with systemic illnesses such as diabetes, histiocytosis X, and leukemia, and Malignant neoplasms. |
| Focal opacity | well-defined, localized radiopaque lesion on a radiograph. Example: Condensing osteitis |
| target lesion | well-defined, localized radiopaque area surrounded by a uniform radiolucent halo. Example: Benign cementoblastoma |
| Mulitfocal confluent | multiple radiopacities that appear to overlap or flow together. Example: osteitis deformans, and florid osseous dysplasia. Fibro osseous disorders usually involve multiple quadrants of the jaw. |
| Irregular Ill-defined | radiopacity may exhibit irregular, poorly defined pattern. Example: osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma |
| Ground-Glass | described as a granular or pebbled radiopacity that resembles pulverized glass. Texture of an orange peel. Example: fibrous dysplasia, osteitis deformans, and osteopetrosis. |
| Mixed Lucent-opaque | Lesion exhibits both radiopaque and a radiolucent component. Example: calcifying tumors such as compound odontoma. |
| Soft tissue opacity | well-defined radiopaque area located in soft tissue. Example: Sialolith (salivary stone) or calcified lymph node. |
| Caries | tooth decay. The localized destruction of teeth by microorganisms. |
| Cavitation | hole in tooth that is the result of the caries process. |
| to detect dental caries what is needed? | both a careful clinical examination and a radiographic examination |
| Carious lesion appears what color on a radiograph? | radiolucent or black |
| what is the radiograph of choice for evaluation of caries? | bite-wing radiograph. |
| on a dental radiograph, interproximal caries are typically seen where? | at or just below to the contact point. |
| Incipient interproximal caries | caries that extend less than halfway through the thickness of enamel. Class I. Seen in enamel only. |
| Moderate interproximal caries | caries that extend more than halfway through the thickness of enamel but does not envolve the DEJ. Class II. Seen in enamel only. |
| Advanced interproximal caries | extend to or though the DEJ and into dentin but does not extend through the dentin more than half the distance to the pulp. Class III. Effects both enamel and dentin. |
| Severe interproximal caries | extend through enamel, through dentin, and more than half the distance toward the pulp. Class IV. Involves both enamel and dentin and appears as a cavitation in the tooth. |
| Incipient occlusal cavities | cannot be seen on a radiograph. |
| Moderate occlusal cavities | extend into dentin and appears as a very thin radiolucent line. |
| Severe occlusal cavities | extend into dentin nd appears as a large radiolucency. |
| Buccal caries | involves the buccal surface of the tooth. Difficult to detect on radiographs. appears as a small, circular radiolucent area. |
| Lingual caries | involves the lingual surface of the tooth. Difficult to detect on radipgraphs. appears as a small, circular radiolucent area. |
| Root surface caries | involves only the roots of teeth. Gingival recession precede the caries process and result in exposed root surfaces. Appear cupped-out or crater-shaped below the CEJ |
| Recurrent caries | secondary caries. occurs adjacent to preexisting restorations. Occurs because of inadequate cavity preparation, defective margins, or incomplete removal of caries before placement of restoration. Appear as a radiolucent area below restorations. |
| Rampant caries | advanced and severe caries that affects numerous teeth. Seen typically in children with poor dietary habits or in adults with decreased salivary flow. |
| Periodontium | tissues that invest and support the teeth, such as the gingiva and alveolar bone. |
| Lamina Dura | appears as a dense radiopaque line |
| Alveolar crest | normal healthy alveolar crest is located 1.5 to 2.0 mm apical to the CEJ. Anterior region-appears pointed and sharp and radiopaque. Posterior region-appears flat, smooth, and parallel to a line between the adjacent CEJ's, slightly less radiopaque than ant |
| Periodontal ligament space | thin radiolucent line between the tooth and the lamina dura. uniform thickness |
| Periodontal disease | group of diseases that affects the tissues around the teeth. tissue affected may NOT appear pink, firm, stippled. Instead gingiva appears swollen, red, and bleeding, formation of pocket seen. |
| Clinical examination must be performed by? | the dentist and dental hygienist. must include probing |
| what is the film and exposure of choice for the radiographic examination? | periapical radiograph and the paralleling technique. |
| Bone loss cane be described as? | pattern, distribution, and severity of loss. |
| Horizontal bone loss | bone loss occurs in a plane parallel to the CEJ of adjacent teeth. |
| Vertical bone loss | bone loss does not occur is a plane parallel to the CEJ's of adjacent teeth. |
| Slight bone loss | 1 to 2 mm |
| Moderate bone loss | 3 to 4 mm |
| Severe bone loss | 5mm or greater |
| Clinical attachment loss (CAL) | measurement of the severity of bone loss. Measurement from the CEJ to the base of the sulcus or periodonal pocket. |
| ADA Case Type I | no bone loss is associated with type I disease (gingivitis) |
| ADA Case Type II | (mild or slight periodontitis) mild crestal changes. Lamina dura becomes fuzzy. Horizontal bone loss seen, bleeding on probing, localized areas of recession. |
| ADA Case Type III | Horizontal and vertical bone loss seen. May be generalized or localized. Recession, furcation involvement areas, and slight mobility present. |
| ADA Case Type IV | (advanced or severe periodontitis) Pocket depths and attachment loss are greater then 6mm, and furcation involvment and mobility are more severe. |
| Risk factors of periodontal disease are? | certain medications, tobacco use, diabetes. |
| Calculus | stonelike concretion that forms on the crowns and roots of teeth due to calcification of bacterial plaque. appears radiopaque. |
| Defective restorations | act as potential food traps and lead to the accumulation of food debris and bacterial deposits. |
What is the preferred exposure method for intraoral digital imaging?
The preferred exposure method for intraoral digital imaging is the paralleling technique. True. One advantage of a digital imaging system is the superior gray-scale resolution that results. True. Digital subtraction is an advantage in digital imaging because distracting background.
What is a detector that is used to capture the dental image?
sensor. a detector that is used to capture the dental image.
What are the four ways to view an intraoral image?
Intraoral Views.
1 Periapical..
2 Bite-wing..
3 Occlusal..
Which type of imaging technique produces the image on the sensor digitizes and then transmits to the computer?
Digital radiography (DR) is an advanced form of x-ray inspection which produces a digital radiographic image instantly on a computer. This technique uses x-ray sensitive plates to capture data during object examination, which is immediately transferred to a computer without the use of an intermediate cassette.