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Living conditions
Predisposing factors include demographic variables (e.g., gender, age, marital status), social variables (e.g., education, employment, ethnicity, social networks), and health beliefs (e.g., values and attitudes toward health and health care services, knowledge of disease). Social structures (e.g., acculturation and immigration), sexual orientation, and childhood characteristics (e.g., mobility, living conditions, history of substance abuse, criminal behavior, victimization, or mental illness) are also considered as predisposing factors. Enabling factors include personal and family resources, as well as community resources (e.g., income, insurance, social support, region, health services resources, public benefits, transportation, telephone, crime rates, social services resources).
In the basic human needs model, Maslow's hierarchy explains the basic requirements for survival and desires that drive personal growth and development. Human needs are represented in a pyramid consisting of five levels. The highest priority and first level represents physiological needs and includes food, water, breathing, sleep, and sex. The next highest priority and second need are safety needs, and this includes security, employment, family, wealth, and property. The third level of hierarchy is love and belonging. These include family, friendship, confidence, and achievement. The fourth level consists of self-esteem needs. These include respect of others and respect by others. The fifth concept, with the lowest priority, is the need for self-actualization. This includes integration of cognition, consciousness, and problem-solving.
Which statement best describes the difference between health promotion and disease prevention?
A) Health promotion and disease prevention include all efforts that seek to move people closer to optimal well-being or higher levels of wellness.
B) Disease prevention differs from health promotion in that disease prevention is targeted toward a specific disease or diseases.
C) Health promotion can be described in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
D) The goal of disease prevention is to raise levels of wellness for individuals, families, populations, and communities.
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